Learn everything about the breaking capacity of a circuit breaker, including its definition, formula, importance, how to calculate it, and how it applies to MCBs. Ensure your electrical system is safe and compliant by understanding circuit breaker breaking capacity.
When it comes to electrical safety and system protection, one crucial parameter that every engineer, electrician, or installer must understand is the breaking capacity of a circuit breaker. This vital specification ensures the breaker can safely interrupt fault currents without causing equipment failure or safety hazards.
In this article, we’ll explore what breaking capacity means, its significance, how it’s calculated, and how it differs across devices like MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breakers).
What Is the Breaking Capacity of a Circuit Breaker?
The breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is the maximum current it can interrupt safely without being damaged or posing a risk to the system. It’s also referred to as rupturing capacity or short-circuit breaking capacity.
In simple terms, it defines how much fault current the breaker can handle before it fails.
When a short circuit or fault occurs, the current flowing through the circuit may surge to several times the normal level. The protection relay must detect this and breaker should interrupt the current instantly. If the breaking capacity of the breaker is lower than the fault current, the breaker may explode or fail to isolate the fault—posing serious safety risks.
Breaking Capacity of Circuit Breaker Expressed In
The circuit breaker breaking capacity is typically expressed in kiloamperes (kA) RMS (Root Mean Square) value at a specified voltage. For instance, a breaker with a rating of 10kA at 230V can safely break fault currents up to 10,000 amps at that voltage.
In addition to kA, breaking capacity is also expressed in kVA (kilovolt-amperes) or MVA (megavolt-amperes), especially in high-voltage applications. These units indicate the apparent power the breaker can interrupt and help assess compatibility with power system fault levels.
Breaking Capacity of a Circuit Breaker Formula
To understand how to calculate the breaking capacity, you can use this basic formula:
For Three-phase system:
Where:
- Fault Level = Apparent Power at fault condition
- Voltage = System voltage (typically line-to-line)
- √3 is used for three-phase systems
This gives you the fault current, and the breaker’s breaking capacity must be equal to or greater than this value.
The below formula can also be used to calculate breaking capacity.
Example:
Given data:
- Symmetrical Breaking Current = 10,000 A (10 kA)
- Rated Service Voltage = 415 V (typical for a low-voltage 3-phase system)
For Single Phase System:
The formula for calculating breaking capacity for single phase system is,
Example: Breaking Capacity for Single-Phase System
- Breaking Current = 2000 A
- Rated Voltage = 230 V (common for single-phase systems)
For single-phase systems, the formula simplifies to:
Substitute the values:
How to Calculate Breaking Capacity of a Circuit Breaker?
Let’s say you have a 3-phase system with a fault level of 200 MVA and a voltage of 11 kV:
So, you’d choose a breaker with at least 11 kA breaking capacity to ensure safe operation.
The rated breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is equal to the maximum short-circuit current that the breaker can safely interrupt under specified test conditions. This rating is usually provided by the manufacturer and tested according to international standards such as IEC 60947 for industrial breakers or IEC 60898 for domestic MCBs.
Breaking Capacity of an MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
The breaking capacity of MCB is typically lower than industrial circuit breakers, as MCBs are designed for domestic and light commercial use. Common values include:
- 6 kA for residential applications
- 10 kA for industrial or commercial installations
It’s important to match the breaking capacity of the MCB to the prospective short-circuit current at the installation point to avoid electrical hazards.
Making Capacity of Circuit Breaker
In addition to breaking capacity, another key specification of a circuit breaker is its making capacity. While breaking capacity defines the maximum fault current a breaker can interrupt, making capacity refers to the maximum current it can handle on closing during a fault—for instance, when switching on while a fault already exists in the system.
Making capacity is typically 2.5 times the breaking capacity and is expressed in kiloamperes peak (kA peak), unlike breaking capacity, which is given in RMS (Root Mean Square). For example, a breaker rated at 40 kA RMS for breaking may have a making capacity of 100 kA peak.
Including both ratings ensures the breaker can safely handle both switching into a fault and interrupting it, protecting the system during fault and normal operations.
If you’d like a deeper understanding, including the formula and design factors, explore our dedicated guide on making capacity of circuit breaker.
Why is Breaking Capacity Important?
Here’s why you must always check the breaking capacity of a circuit breaker before installation:
1. Prevents Damage to Switchgear and Wiring During Faults
The primary role of a circuit breaker is to interrupt fault currents quickly and effectively. If the breaking capacity of the breaker is less than the fault current, the switchgear and connected wiring can overheat, catch fire, or even explode. By using a breaker with adequate breaking capacity, the system ensures that electrical components remain intact and unharmed during overloads or short circuits.
2. Ensures Safety for Personnel by Avoiding Arc Explosions
During a fault, extremely high currents can cause dangerous electric arcs. If a circuit breaker fails to interrupt this current safely, it may result in an arc explosion, posing a serious hazard to anyone nearby. A correctly rated circuit breaker ensures quick disconnection of power, significantly reducing the risk of injury or death from such incidents.
3. Complies with Electrical Codes and Standards
Electrical codes and standards like IEC 60947, NEC, or IS/IEC require that circuit breakers be rated for fault conditions they may face. Using a breaker with the correct breaking capacity ensures compliance with these standards, which is crucial for legal operation, insurance coverage, and inspection approvals.
4. Increases Reliability and Longevity of the Electrical System
Properly rated breakers protect the electrical system from unexpected surges and faults. This protection improves the overall reliability of the system and extends the life of other critical components like transformers, conductors, and panels. Investing in the correct breaking capacity prevents frequent breakdowns and costly repairs.
Key Takeaways
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Breaking Capacity | Max fault current a breaker can handle |
| Expressed In | kA RMS at rated voltage |
| Important For | Safety, compliance, and system protection |
| Common MCB Breaking Capacities | 6 kA, 10 kA |
| Breaking Capacity Formula | Fault VA ÷ (√3 × Voltage) |
Conclusion
The breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is not just a number on a datasheet—it’s a critical specification that directly affects the safety and reliability of your entire electrical system. Whether you’re working with an MCB in a home circuit or an industrial breaker in a high-voltage environment, always ensure the breaking capacity is greater than the maximum possible fault current.
Understanding and correctly applying this parameter ensures that your system remains safe, compliant, and protected under all conditions.
FAQs
The breaker may fail to interrupt the fault current, leading to equipment damage, fire, or safety hazards.
Select a breaker with a breaking capacity higher than the maximum prospective fault current at the point of installation. Always refer to system fault level analysis and local electrical codes.
Breaking Capacity: Maximum current the breaker can interrupt.
Making Capacity: Maximum current the breaker can close onto without damage (usually 2.55 times breaking capacity).
A 100A Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) usually has a breaking capacity of 10 kA or 15 kA. This means it can safely interrupt fault currents up to 10,000 or 15,000 amps without damage. The exact value may vary based on the brand and model.
The rupturing capacity of a circuit breaker, also known as its breaking capacity, is the maximum fault current it can safely interrupt under standardized test conditions. Manufacturers determine this rating through testing as per international standards such as IEC 60947 or IS/IEC 60898. The value is typically expressed in kA RMS (Root Mean Square) or MVA (Mega Volt-Amperes) at a specified voltage, ensuring the breaker can safely handle severe short-circuit faults without failure.
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