The double earthing ensures the safety of electrical equipment and persons working on it. The frame or enclosure is connected to two separate earth pits; similarly, the neutral point is also connected to two separate earth pits.
There are two types of earthing used in electrical systems. The equipment frame earthing and system earthing. In equipment earthing, the non-current-carrying metallic part of the electrical enclosure is connected to the earth, and in system earthing or grounding neutral point is connected to the earth. Thus, there is a need for double earthing for the frame and system ground. The system earthing is also called system grounding.
Why Earthing?
The conducting part, which remains at zero potential in normal conditions, attains phase voltage when the insulation of the electrical panel fails. In this condition, the panel body attains phase voltage. If earthing is not done and anybody touches the frame at the time of fault, one may get an electric shock.
The purpose of earthing is to divert the current to earth so as to maintain the metallic frame potential to zero. The earth has very low resistance, and fault current starts flowing towards the ground. The protection circuit senses the earth’s fault current and trips the supply system.
Thus, the earthing provides protection against an electric shock fire and machine protection.
The earthing resistance value must be as minimal as possible. The earthing pit resistance must be minimal, and the earthing strip or conducting wire used between the equipment frame and the earth pit should have very low resistance. Double earthing causes the equivalent resistance to lower, thus ensuring enhanced protection.
In a similar way, the neutral point of the supply system is at zero potential under normal operating conditions. However, neutral point voltages rise in faulty conditions and the other healthy phase voltage also rises if the system is ungrounded. This condition may lead to insulation failure due to high voltage. Therefore, in order to maintain the system stability, the neutral point is earthed. This is called the grounding or system grounding.
We are connecting the frame of the electrical appliance to the earth and also connecting the neutral point to the earth, so why is double earthing recommended? Why not? Single-point point earthing is OK.
Why Double Earthing?
Two separate earthing circuit is made and connected to the frame of the equipment and the neutral of the supply system. Thus total of four numbers of earth pit are required: two numbers for frame earthing and two for neutral earthing. The double earthing provides the following advantages.
- If there is one earth circuit, the fault current flows through the circuit. However, if the earth circuit is not closed, the frame or enclosure body may attain live potential. However, if two circuits are there, one circuit will divert the current to Earth if one of the circuits gets defective. Thus, the earthing system reliability gets enhanced with double earthing.
- In the event of a fault, the current will flow in two earth circuits for a double earthing scheme. The effective resistance of the circuit is always less than the resistance of one circuit because both circuits are in parallel. If we connect 2 ohms resistance in parallel, the equivalent resistance is 1 Ohm. The same property applies here. The low resistance of the earth circuit causes easy flow of earth fault current to earth.